Strict quarantine measures for the export of South African citrus fruit to European and US markets require the development of sensitive and accurate detection methods for the pathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa - a fungus causing citrus black spot disease.Because of the presence of other, non-pathogenic Phyllosticta species, rapid and accurate verific

The nature of caffeine reveals that it is a bitter white crystalline alkaloid.It is a common ingredient in a variety of drinks (soft and energy drinks) and is also used in combination with various medicines.In order to maintain the optimum level of caffeine, Medium Bookcase various spectrophotometric methods have been developed.The monitoring of ca

Climate variability and change that affect extreme weather events has resulted long dry season and drought in Indonesia.Farmers become a vulnerable group since drought has damaged rice fields and as consequence losing their income.Therefore, rice farmers’ livelihood resilience needs to be enhanced in order to cope with those impacts.Crop insuranc